Radioisotopes

Radioisotopes are also called as Radio isotopes . These are the atoms with different number of neutrons with unstable nucleus . This nucleus decays and emits alpha, bita, Gama rays until isotopes reaches its stability . Once the isotopes reaches its stability , then it becomes totally an another element . Radioactive decay is spontaneous , so its hard to know when it will take place . There are around 3800 radioactive isotopes . There are wide use of radioisotopes.

Here are a few types of radioisotopes:
Uranium-238
Radium-226
Sodium-24
Cobalt-60

A few uses of radioisotopes are listed below :

1. Chemistry : Chemical analysis ( quantitative and qualitative analysis ) and reaction mechanism .

2. Agriculture : Mechanism of plant processes .

3. Medical field : Diagnosis and treatment of diseases .

4. Industry : Detection of flaws in machinery .

5. Geology : Age of rocks and fossils .

• Radio-isotopes are widely used in medicine, as tracers that show up on X-ray film, and sometimes to destroy cancerous growths.
• They are also used widely in industry. The radiation emitted by different radio-isotopes can be used for rapid, highly accurate measurement of material thickness, including the thickness of platings or coatings. The purity or composition of materials can be established by means of radio-isotopes. Radio-isotopes are used as gamma ray sources to irradiate and sterilize materials.
• In agriculture, radio-isotope tracers can be used to check for proper distribution of insecticides.
• Radio-isotopes are used to detect pipeline leaks, and to trace underground water.
• Naturally occuring radio-isotopes can be detected in forensic science, to assist in solving crimes.
• Naturally occuring radio-isotopes are also used by archaeologists and related specialists to help establish the authenticity and age of specimens.
• Naturally occuring radio-isotopes are often used by geologists to establish the ages of rocks.

In our next blog we shall learn about trophic levels

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Equation of motion

Let us learn about equation of motion

Motion is change of location or position of an object with respect to time. Change in motion is the result of an applied force. Motion is typically described in terms of velocity also seen as speed, acceleration, displacement, and time

Problems on bodies moving with CONSTANT acceleration can be solved quickly using the equation of motion. There are 4 equations:

1. v = u + at
2. s = 0.5(u+v)t
3. s = ut + 0.5 at²
4. v² - u² = 2as

The variable quantities in a uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion are time, speed, distance covered and acceleration. Simple relations exist between these quantities. These relations are expressed in terms of equations called equations of motion

In our next blog we shall learn about "carbanion"

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Define equilibrium

Define equilibrium

Equilibrium reactions are those reactions that are reversible and do not go to completion but remain at a state at which all measurable quantities remain constant with time.

In short ,equilibrium reactions show no net change in any of the parameters as temperature ,pressure, and concentration that are characteristic of any reaction. Equilibrium or balance is any of a number of related phenomena in the natural and social sciences. In general, a system is said to be in a state of equilibrium if all influences on the system are cancelled by the effects of others. A related concept is stability; an equilibrium may or may not be stable.

Equilibrium is a word denoting a static condition, the absence of macroscopic change with respect to time. In thermodynamics it is taken to mean not only the absence of change but also the absence of any tendency toward change on a macroscopic scale. Thus, a system at equilibrium is one that exists under such conditions that there is no tendency for a change in state to occur. Since any tendency toward change is caused by a driving force of one kind or another, the absence of such tendency indicates also the absence of any driving force.

The concept of equilibrium encompasses three varieties:

• mechanical equilibrium (the pressure within a system is the same at all points),
• thermal equilibrium (the temperature is uniform throughout a system), and
• chemical equilibrium (the species composing a system no longer tend to react).

In our next blog we shall learn about "how many grams of protein in an egg"

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kinetic friction

Static frictional forces from the interlocking of the irregularities of two surfaces will increase to prevent any relative motion up until some limit where motion occurs. It is that threshold of motion which is characterized by the coefficient of static friction. The coefficient of static friction is typically larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

When we move forward the entity located on table with little force, the entity does not shift at all. It means that surface of contact of entity and table applies some force in a direction opposed to that of push.

Thus when block be inclined to shift on surface of table, a force start to act which opposes the motion of block on the table. This opposing force is known as force of friction or frictional force or friction.

When two surfaces are moving with respect to one another, the frictional resistance is almost constant over a wide range of low speeds, and in the standard model of friction the frictional force is described by the relationship below. The coefficient is typically less than the coefficient of static friction, reflecting the common experience that it is easier to keep something in motion across a horizontal surface than to start it in motion from rest.

Kinetic friction is also known as sliding friction. When external force exceeds the limiting friction, the body begins to move on the surface. Then the force of friction is called the kinetic friction.

When an external force is applied to start relative motion, the interlocking of surfaces gets teared off, thus causing less frictional force. That is why once the motion starts, the frictional force acting between the surfaces in contact decreases, so that a smaller force is required to maintain uniform motion. That is why kinetic friction is less than the static friction.

Kinetic friction is constant whatever the velocity of body may be and is always less than the limiting friction.

In our next blog we shall learn about lattice energy

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Magnetic field lines

Let us learn about "Magnetic field lines"

A magnetic field lines can be created with moving charges, such as a current-carrying wire. A magnetic field can also be created by the spin magnetic dipole moment, and by the orbital magnetic dipole moment of an electron within an atom.

A magnet produces a vector field, the magnetic field, at all points in the space around it. It can be defined by measuring the force the field exerts on a moving charged particle, such as an electron. The force (F) is equal to the charge (q) times the speed of the particle times the magnitude of the field (B), or F = q*v x B, where the direction of F is at right angles to both v and B as a result of the cross product. This defines the magnetic field's strength and direction at any point.

Magnetic fields are produced by magnetic materials and electric currents. It ca n be detected by the force exerted by the magnetic materials on other magnetic materials and moving electric charges. Magnetic field sources are dipolar in nature, having a north and south magnetic pole. The magnetic field at any point is described by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength).

In our next blog we shall learn about "parts of eye"

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Angular velocity

Hi Friends!!!

Let us learn about "angular velocity"

Angular quantities like angular displacement, velocity, acceleration and torque etc. have been discussed in earlier modules. We were, however, restricted in interpreting and applying these quantities to circular motion or pure rotational motion. Essentially, these physical quantities have been visualized in reference to an axis of rotation and a circular path

One thing you need to know up front is easy on the VELOCITY as just a little will do 'ya! Small increments take the vortex to the point of screaming oscillation-type feedback but then just back off a bit for a sweet thick flanger type tone. Back VELOCITY all the way down, alter the ANGLE of the vortex and you have a sweet chorus with subtle shimmering overtones.

In our next blog we shall learn about "equations of motion"

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Soil Erosion

Hi Friends

Good Morning!!!

What are things needed to grow plants?
Oxygen, water, manure, soil etc.

Let us learn about Soil Erosion.

Soil is formed as a result of weathering of rocks. There are also many living organisms in the soil. Soil is, in fact a product of the interaction of living organisms with rocks. Soil has many layers. The topmost layer is called the topsoil and is the most fertile. The removal of this topsoil is called soil erosion.

Causes of Erosion

The main cause of soil erosion is the removal of vegetation. Vegetation removal takes place due to removal of forest covers. Unscientific farming has also led to barren lands.

The removal of vegetation exposes the topsoil to water and wind. Water and wind cause the topsoil to be removed.

Try to find out effects of soil erosion.




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Reflection

Hi Friends

Tell me how many of you like to dress up in front of mirror?

There are 2 types of mirror.

1) A concave mirror
2) A convex mirror

The Sun is a ball of burning hot gases. It gives off a very bright light. The light travels a distance of 150 million km (93.2 million miles) to reach the Earth. There would be no life on Earth if we did not have sunlight.

The moon does not produce its own light. Moonlight is sunlight that has bounced off the moon!

When light hits a surface, some of it bounces off or is reflected. Mirrors are very shiny surfaces designed to reflect nearly all the light that hits them. When you look in a flat mirror, you see a reflection of yourself which is the same size as you but back to front. When you look in a curved mirror (either concave or convex) your reflection is usually a different shape and size to you


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